| dc.description.abstract | The overall goal of this research was to investigate oxidative stress related changes to the proteomes of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and an inducible CYP2E1 expressing HepG2 cells. Enhanced oxidative stress in hypertrophic adipocytes is associated with metabolic dysregulation and insulin resistance. Because mitochondria generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), we monitored changes to the adipocyte mitochondrial proteome during differentiation and enlargement. We labeled mitochondrial extracts from 3T3-L1 cells that were 0, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 18 days post differentiation with iTRAQ, followed by MS based identification. We found citric acid cycle proteins such as pyruvate carboxylase, citrate synthase, as well as beta-oxidation enzymes; cartinine acyl transferase and long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase up-regulated from 7 through 18 days post differentiation onset. These data indicate TCA up-regulation for enhanced metabolic and citrate output necessary for lipid synthesis in adipocytes. Paradoxically, the data also show the simultaneous increase in the fatty acid oxidation, indicating a metabolic overdrive state. Biochemical assays showing peaks in ATP and ROS generation in 3 day old adipocytes provide further evidence of this overdrive state. A second peak in ROS generation occurred in 10 day old adipocytes; concurrent ATP generation reduced to near pre-adipocyte levels and this may indicate a metabolic shift that may be responsible for increased oxidative stress in hypertrophic adipocytes.
We developed a doxycycline inducible CYP2E1 expressing HepG2 cell line using the pTet-On/pRevTRE expression system to allow greater control and sensitivity in the generation CYP2E1 mediated oxidative stress. Our cell line (RD12) demonstrated stability and tight expression control. After induction, RD12 cells showed 30 percent higher CYP2E1 activity when compared to the constitutive E47 cell line. RD12 cells showed 30 percent greater toxicity than E47 cells and 25 percent less free glutathione when exposed to 20 mM acetaminophen, indicating RD12 cells are more sensitive to the effects reactive intermediates and oxidative stress generated by CYP2E1.
We conducted a survey of the toxicity of dietary fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and palmitic) on HepG2 cells to determine fatty acid doses that induced metabolic changes, but did not cause excessive cell death. The dose of 0.20 mM linoleic and palmitic acid for 48 hours produced low toxicity, but oleic acid actually produced lower toxicity than untreated cells. After exposure cells were treated with a pro-oxidant to determine which fatty acid increased the susceptibility to protein carbonylation. The carbonylated protein isolation procedure indicated the palmitic acid may induce more carbonylation than oleic acid, but greater efficiency in the isolation procedure is required for a confidant determination. | en |
