Does Playing Against an Error Prone Opponent Influence Learning in Nim?

Abstract

When learning to play a game well, does it help to play against an opponent who makes the same sort of mistakes one tends to make or is it better to play against a procedurally rational algorithm, which never makes mistakes? This paper investigates subject performance in the game of Nim. We nd evidence that subject performance improves more when playing against a human opponent than against a procedurally rational algorithm. We also nd that subjects learn to recognize certain heuristics that improve their overall performance in more complex games.