| dc.description.abstract | Decarbonization of electric power infrastructure requires the development of cost-effective, sustainable, and reliable energy storage technologies that are capable of many Megawatts or Gigawatts of output and long storage durations potentially spanning days, weeks, and months. These technologies would absorb power from the grid during periods of excess renewable generation, and release the stored energy to generate power when renewable sources are unavailable. The first part of this tutorial introduces the history of energy storage technologies, general requirements for energy storage applications, and challenges with grid-scale electrochemical batteries that drive the development of machinery-based systems for energy storage. There are many existing or developing machinery-based energy storage systems to fulfill this need. These systems include various pumped hydro technologies, flywheels, compressed air, gravitational, liquid air, thermal energy storage including pumped thermal, and various thermochemical technologies such as hydrogen, ammonia, synthetic natural gas, or sulfur. A comprehensive overview of all of these technologies is provided including basic working principles, role/requirements of turbomachinery, hybridization with existing power generators, current state of development including pilot/demo activities, capabilities relative to other technologies, and research & development needs for system improvements and commercialization. In particular, the authors will discuss hydrogen machinery including an overview of hydrogen impacts on compression and combustion in machinery for pure hydrogen and blended hydrogen applications. | |
