Contraceptive Therapy: An Increased Risk for Periodontitis

Abstract

Contraceptive therapy is being used by patients for various reasons. Several forms of contraceptive therapy are available for use such as, an oral pill, injection, implant, and intrauterine device. Evaluating the adverse effects of oral and non-oral contraceptives on the periodontal health of women is essential for providing the standard of care to patients. Studies demonstrate contraceptives such as Medroxyprogesterone acetate, the Levonorgestrel implant, and traditional estrogen/progestin oral contraceptives are all linked to increased risk of periodontal disease. Additionally, hormonal forms of the intrauterine device (IUD) and non-hormonal forms known as intrauterine systems (IUS) have yet to be researched to determine their effects on the periodontium of women. Due to several forms of contraceptives available for women, it is important for the dental hygiene profession to focus more intently on this topic by providing patients with information regarding the possible oral side effects of contraceptive therapy and develop a personal oral hygiene care plan for women that are exposed to such risks. Research has found that women exposed to Medroxyprogesterone acetate or levonorgestrel implant displayed an increase in periodontal pocket depths. Along with pocket depths, Medroxyprogesterone demonstrated an increased bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss and inflammation of the gingiva. Focusing on the different forms of contraceptives and their effects on women’s oral health is important to educate communities and dental professionals. This can be achieved by promoting evidence-based dental care through the implementation of continuing education courses for the dental health care professional in order to benefit the overall health of the community.