Mental Health Disparities Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States

Abstract

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2010 to 2020, this doctoral dissertation studies the national mental health (MH) crisis and disparities among US adolescents and young adults.

Chapter one examines racial and ethnic differences in major depressive episodes (MDE), severe role impairment, and mental health service utilization among US adolescents. The findings reveal that although the prevalence of MDE increased in adolescents from 2010 to 2018, only one-third of those with MDE used MDE-related services from health professionals. Moreover, mental health outcomes and service utilization remain disparate among racial and ethnic minorities, with minority adolescents less likely to use MH services. The study also highlights the potential of engagement in social activities to prevent adolescent MDE and encourage health service utilization.

Chapter two investigates mental illness, suicidal ideation and behaviors, substance use and dependence, and health service utilization in US young adults. The study found an increasing trend in all mental illness and suicidal outcomes from 2010 to 2019, while alcohol and tobacco use and dependence decreased, and marijuana use and dependence increased. Participation in religious services was associated with a reduction in substance use and dependence, mental illness outcomes, and suicidal outcomes.

Finally, chapter three explores mental health illness, nicotine vaping, and co-occurring mental health illness with substance use disorders (SUD) among US adolescents and young adults in 2020. The study found that females are at higher risk for mental health disorders and co-occurring SUD and MH disorders. Attitudes towards risky and dangerous behaviors and engagement in violent and illegal activities are correlated with MH outcomes and SUD. Nicotine vaping is associated with cigarette use, marijuana use, and alcohol use. School dislike was associated with a higher risk of MDE and SUD among adolescents.

In conclusion, the findings of this dissertation emphasize the importance of improving the availability of mental health services, particularly among minorities, as well as the potential effects of community, faith, school, and family-based interventions on mental health outcomes in young people.