The IEC 61511 standard requires a verification calculation that a proposed design for a safety instrumented function (SIF) achieves the desired safety integrity level (SIL). The evaluation of the safety integrity level of ...

Optimal design of a gas detection systems is challenging because of the numerous sources of uncertainty, including weather and environmental conditions, leak location and characteristics, and process conditions. Rigorous ...

Throughout the industrial age, and particularly since the mid-1980's, engineers and the public have recognized that hazardous materials can destroy lives and property if handled improperly. Significant progress has been ...

When an abnormal situation occurs at your facility, management must be prepared, not only to handle the situation itself, but also to effectively communicate with stakeholders. The media is very important vehicle for this ...

A chemical process facility is a highly complex system. The interactions among a small group of the functions, such as process, equipment, human, organizational functions, could split, merge or couple leading to a complex ...

All risk management starts in determining what can happen. Reliable predictive analysis is key. So, we perform process hazard analysis, which should result in scenario identification and definition. Apart from material/substance ...

With the expanding of liquefied natural gas (LNG) usage, its security hidden trouble appeared gradually. For security reasons, small-scale experiment was carried out using LN2 (whose thermal physical property parameters ...

Under stable atmospheric conditions (i.e., low wind speed and low heat radiation), once heavy gases (e.g., CO2, H2S, LNG) release to the atmosphere, the gas clouds tend to stay near the ground for long period of time, ...

Over the past two decades the environment companies operate in has become increasingly complex, and the pace of change continues to accelerate. With increased complexity, comes increased risk for high consequence/low ...

Easily oxidized, low volatility organic liquids absorbed/dispersed on inorganic solid materials such as insulation, absorbents, and molecular sieves can result in spontaneous ignition incidents. This is due to increased ...