Beef Flavor Attributes and Consumer Perception
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Date
2014-01-13
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Abstract
Levels of positive and negative beef flavor attributes were created by identifying
beef cuts that varied in quality grade, pH, and amount of connective tissue, then cooked
to 58 °C and 80 °C utilizing a George Forman grill (GF), food-service grill, or Crock-
Pot. Trained descriptive sensory attribute panel, consumer panel, and gas
chromatography with dual sniff ports (GC-O) were utilized to measure flavor. Fatty acid
composition, non-heme iron and myoglobin content, pH, and fat and moisture analysis
were determined.
As degree of doneness increased, beef identity increased. High pH M.
Longissimus lumborum (LM) steaks had less beef identity than USDA Choice (Ch) LM
steaks when cooked on the GF to either internal temperature endpoint or grilled to an
internal temperature of 58 °C. Choice M. Biceps femoris (BF) roasts cooked to 58 °C
had a higher beef identity compared to the Se BF roast cooked to 58 °C. Brown/roasted
was lower and bloody/serumy was higher when steaks or roasts were cooked 58 °C.
No strong correlations for beef flavor and non-heme iron or myoglobin content
were present. Fatty acid composition accounted for (P < 0.05) variation in beef flavor.
149 volatile compounds were identified. Fifteen volatiles accounted for 55 percent of
consumer overall liking. Principal component analysis showed lower temperatures
and/or shorter cooking times favor the generation of lipid-degradation products, while
higher temperatures and/or longer cooking times favor production of Maillard reaction
products.
Regression equations for beef flavor identity, brown/roasted, bloody/serumy, fatlike,
metallic, liver, and umami accounted for 36, 32, 32, 31, 31, 24, and 60 (P <0.15)
percent of the variability, respectively using volatile aromatic compounds as the
independent variables. Overall, grill and beef flavor accounted for 90 percent of the
variation in overall consumer liking. Through interviews, consumers indicated that
flavor was extremely important to them when eating beef.
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Keywords
Beef, Consumer, Sensory, Flavor, Flavor Chemistry, Consumer Research, Descriptive Sensory Panel, Trained Panel, Quality, Nonheme Iron, Myoglobin, Fatty Acid