Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small-Scale Irrigation

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Beyond the drinking glass: expanding our understanding of water-nutrition linkages
(Feild Exchange, 2017) Mekonnen, D. K.
Water access and management play central roles in determining nutritional outcomes. Water-for-nutrition is most often approached from a WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) perspective, where the aim is to improve water quality and practices for domestic water supply, thus reducing the burden of water-related diseases in a population. A WASH focus for improving nutritional outcomes is especially pertinent, given recent evidence highlighting the role of diarrhoeal disease and environmental enteropathy in determining child stunting. However, there are a number of water-nutrition pathways in addition to WASH that would benefit from greater attention in research and discussion. A session aimed at expanding our understanding of water-nutrition linkages was organised during the 2016 Stockholm World Water Week (26 August to 5 September, 2016). The session was organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in collaboration with the Center for Development Research (ZEF) at the University of Bonn, USAID, and Texas A&M University.
Beyond the drinking glass: Expanding our understanding of water-nutrition linkages. Field Exchange 54(February 2017).
(2017) Mekonnen, D.K.; IFPRI
Water access and management play central roles in determining nutritional outcomes. Water-for-nutrition is most often approached from a WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) perspective, where the aim is to improve water quality and practices for domestic water supply, thus reducing the burden of water-related diseases in a population. A WASH focus for improving nutritional outcomes is especially pertinent, given recent evidence highlighting the role of diarrhoeal disease and environmental enteropathy in determining child stunting. However, there are a number of water-nutrition pathways in addition to WASH that would benefit from greater attention in research and discussion. A session aimed at expanding our understanding of water-nutrition linkages was organised during the 2016 Stockholm World Water Week (26 August to 5 September, 2016). The session was organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in collaboration with the Center for Development Research (ZEF) at the University of Bonn, USAID, and Texas A&M University.
Economic and Nutrition Impacts of Irrigated fodder and Crossbreed Cows on Households in Lemo woreda, SNNP region of Ethiopia
(Agricultural & Applied Economics Association, 2020) Bizimana, Jean-Claude; Derseh, Melkamu; Richardson, James W.; Bryant, Henry; Herbst, Brian K.; Lefore, Nicole; Clarke, Neville P.; Dile, Yihun T.; Srinivasan, Raghavan; Worqlul, Abeyou W.; Adie, Aberra
Economic and Nutrition Impacts of Irrigated fodder and Crossbreed Cows
Ethiopia: Success Story
(ILSSI, 2018) Clarke, Neville
Small scale irrigation in Ethiopia
Evaluating the pathways from small-scale irrigation to dietary diversity: evidence from Ethiopia and Tanzania
(Food Security, 2018) Passarelli, Simone; Mekonnen, Dawit; Bryan, Elizabeth; Ringler, Claudia; Springer
Interventions that aim to increase water availability for agriculture hold great potential for improving nutrition through increasing food production, generating income, enhancing water access and sanitation and hygiene conditions, and through strengthening women’s empowerment. Yet there is scarce evidence on the linkages between small-scale irrigation and the pathways through which nutrition outcomes can be achieved. Using data from a cross-sectional household survey collected in Ethiopia and Tanzania, we explored the potential for small-scale irrigation to contribute to improved diets, and identify the pathways through which irrigation affects dietary diversity as measured by the Household Dietary Diversity Score. Unadjusted comparisons show that irrigating households in both countries produced more vegetables, fruits and cash crops, are less food insecure, have a higher value of production, and have higher production diversity and dietary diversity compared to non-irrigating households. Econometric results of a simultaneous equation (3SLS) model showed that irrigation leads to better household dietary diversity mainly through the pathway of increasing household incomes. However, these results are statistically significant only in the case of Ethiopia, and not in Tanzania. While irrigation increased production diversity in Ethiopia, the benefits of increased dietary diversity cannot be attributed to these changes in production after controlling for the effect of income. Other factors, such as gender of the household head and having off-farm income, also influence dietary diversity in Ethiopia. These findings suggest that the potential for irrigation to influence diets is highly context-specific. Understanding the particular pathways and entry points for nutrition-sensitive agriculture approaches could help to improve their benefits for nutrition.
Experiences: Irrigated Forages in Ethiopia
(Feed the Future, 2018) Adie, Aberra; Yitayew, A.; Demeke, B.; Ferede, Y.; Yeheyis, L.; Gemiyu, D.; Zeleke, B.; Bezabih, M.; Schmitter, P.; Blümmel, M.; USAID; The Borlaug Institute; TAMU AgriLife Research; TAMU System; IFPRI; IWMI; ILRI; North Carolina A&T State University; CGIAR; ILSSI
Forecasting yields, prices and net returns for main cereal crops in Tanzania as probability distributions: A multivariate empirical (MVE) approach
(Agricultural Systems, 2020) Kadigi, Ibrahim L.; Richardson, James W.; Mutabazi, Khamaldin D.; Philip, Damas; Bizimana, Jean-Claude; Mourice, Sixbert K.; Waized, Betty; Elsevier
Maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and rice (Oryza sativa) are essential staple crops to the livelihoods of many Tanzanians. But the future productivity of these crops is highly uncertain due to many factors including overdependence on rain-fed, poor agricultural practices and climate change and variability. Despite the multiple risks and constraints, it is vital to highlight the pathways of cereal production in the country. Understanding the pathways of cereals helps to inform policymakers, so they can make better decisions to improve the viability of the sector and its potential to increase food production and income for the majority population. In this study, we employ a Monte Carlo simulation approach to develop a multivariate empirical (MVE) distribution model to simulate stochastic variables for main cereal crops in Tanzania. Eleven years (2008–2018) of yields and prices data for maize, sorghum and rice were used in the model to simulate and forecast yields and prices in Dodoma and Morogoro regions of Tanzania for a seven-year period, from 2019 to 2025. Dodoma and Morogoro regions represent semi-arid and sub-humid agro-ecological zones, respectively. The simulated yields and prices were used with total costs and total area harvested for each crop to calculate the probable net present value (NPV) for each agro-ecological zone. The results on crop yield show a slightly increasing trend for all three crops in Dodoma region. Likewise, rice yield is expected to marginally increase in Morogoro with a decreasing trend for maize and sorghum, meanwhile, the prices for the three crops all are projected to increase for the two regions. Generally, the results on economic feasibility in terms of NPV revealed a high probability of success for all the crops in Dodoma despite a higher relative risk for rice. The results in Morogoro presented a high probability of success for rice and sorghum with maize indicating the highest relative risk, and a 2.41% probability of negative NPV. This study helps to better understand the outlook of the main cereal crop sub-sectors in two agro-ecological zones of Tanzania over the next seven years. With high dependence on rain-fed agriculture, production of main cereals in Tanzania are likely to face a high degree of risk and uncertainty threatening livelihoods, incomes and food
Household Survey Data: Analyzing nutrition, health and gender outcomes
(Feed the Future, 2017) USAID; The Borlaug Institute; TAMU AgriLife Research; TAMU System; IFPRI; IWMI; ILRI; North Carolina A&T State University; CGIAR; ILSSI
IDSS and Commercial Vegetable Home Gardens
(Feed the Future, 2016) Reyes, Manny; North Carolina A&T State University; USAID; ILSSI
Improving irrigation access to combat food insecurity and undernutrition: A review
(Global Food Security, 2015) Domènech, Laia; Elsevier
Interventions aimed at increasing water availability for livelihood and domestic activities have great potential to improve various determinants of undernutrition, such as the quantity and diversity of foods consumed within the household, income generation, and women's empowerment. This review analyzes the existing evidence concerning the role of irrigation in improving nutrition and health outcomes. Most of the studies examined showed a positive effect of irrigation interventions on food security. However, existing evidence is still insufficient to draw broad conclusions, largely because nutrition is yet to be considered an explicit objective of irrigation development. Nutrition-sensitive irrigation programs are needed to help realize the full potential of irrigation interventions and avoid adverse impacts on human health and nutrition.
Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems: Identification of areas suited for fodder production in Ethiopia
(ILRI, 2020) Srinivasan, Raghavan; Worqlul, Abeyou W. (Texas A&M AgriLife Research); Bezabih, Melkamu; Adie, Aberra (both International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI); Dile, Yihun T.; Bizimana, Jean-Claude; Lefore, Nicole; Clarke, Neville (all TAMU)
Potential fodder production in Ethiopia
Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems: Simulated economic and nutrition impacts of irrigated fodder and crossbred cows on households in Lemo woreda of Ethiopia
(ILRI, 2020) Srinivasan, Raghavan; Bizimana, Jean-Claude; Richardson, James W.; Bryant, Henry; Dile, Yihun T. (All TAMU); Worqlul, Abeyou W. (Texas AgriLife Research); Adie, Aberra; Bezabih, Melkamu (both International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI)
Irrigated Fodder in Northern Ghana
(ILSSI, [2018?]) Clarke, Neville
Irrigated Fodder in Northern Ghana
Irrigation and women’s diet in Ethiopia: A longitudinal study
(IFPRI, 2019) Baye, Kaleab; Choufani, Jowel; Mekonnen, Dawit; Bryan, Elizabeth; Ringler, Claudia; Griffiths, Jeffrey K.; Davies, Emma
Some agricultural practices, such as irrigation, have the potential to buffer seasonal dietary gaps and thus improve diets, particularly for subsistence farmers but also for rural and urban households that purchase irrigated produce from local markets. While the seasonality of households and children’s diets is well documented, little is known about the seasonality of women’s diets and the influence of irrigation. Using longitudinal data from Ethiopia, this study characterized women’s diet over time and evaluated the potential implications of seasonality and irrigation on women’s diet. Women’s dietary diversity was low (3-4 out of 10 food groups) and exhibited high seasonal variability (P<0.05). Diets were predominantly plant-based, with little consumption of nutrientdense foods, such as fruits and animal source foods. High seasonal variability in energy, protein, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and zinc intakes were observed (P<0.01). Irrigators were more likely to meet the minimum dietary diversity for women (MDDW), had higher energy and calcium intake, and lower prevalence of anemia, than women from non-irrigating households (P< 0.05). No cases of malaria were reported from the three rounds of screening. Our preliminary findings suggest that there is high seasonal variation in women’s diet, but this can be partly offset by irrigation practices.
Irrigation-nutrition linkages: Evidence from northern Ghana. IFPRI Discussion Paper, 1887, Rome, Italy. IFPRI.
(IFPRI, 2019) Mekonnen, Dawit; Choufani, Jowel; Bryan, Elizabeth; Abizari, Abdul-Razak; Ringler, Claudia; Amikuzuno, Joseph; CGIAR
We analyze the linkages between irrigation and nutrition using data from irrigators and non-irrigators in Northern Ghana. The results show that (i) there is a modest difference in the overall household dietary diversity score between irrigators and non-irrigators, (ii) there are significant differences in the consumption of animal source foods between irrigators and non-irrigators, (iii) there are significant differences in the consumption of fruits and vegetables as well as sugar and honey between irrigators and non-irrigators, and (iv) the sources of food consumption differ between irrigators and non-irrigators. The analysis shows strong association between households’ nutritional status and their access to irrigation, with evidences suggesting that the irrigation-nutrition linkages play out both through the income and production pathways in Northern Ghana.
Is reliable water access the solution to undernutrition? A review of the potential of irrigation to solve nutrition and gender gaps in Africa South of the Sahara. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1428. Washington DC: IFPRI.
(IFPRI, 2015) Domènech, Laia; IFPRI
Interventions aimed at increasing water availability for livelihood and domestic activities have great potential to improve various determinants of undernutrition, such as the quantity and diversity of foods consumed within the household, income generation, and women’s empowerment. However, current evidence on the topic is diluted across many different publications. This paper aims to connect the dots and review the literature available on the linkages between irrigation and food security, improved nutrition, and health. We conclude that the evidence remains insufficient to draw broad conclusions due to the low number of rigorous studies that can be used to assess the linkages. Based on the limited evidence, six factors that should be taken into account in irrigation development to address nutrition and gender gaps with a focus on Africa south of the Sahara are identified: (1) food security and nutrition gains should be stated goals of irrigation programs; (2) training programs and awareness campaigns should accompany irrigation interventions to promote nutrient-dense food production and consumption as well as minimization of health risks; (3) multiple uses of irrigation water should be recognized in order to improve access to water supply and sanitation and livestock and aquatic production; (4) women’s empowerment and women’s participation in irrigation programs should be promoted; (5) homestead food production should be encouraged; and (6) policy synergies between different sectors (agriculture, nutrition, health, water supply and sanitation, education) should be sought.
Lessons from pilot trials with small-scale irrigated forage production in the Amhara Region: potential of integrating the perennial forage Napier grass with Desmodium and Pigeon Pea in cropping systems. 2nd Amhara Agricultural Forum 2017 on 16 Jan 2018, Jacaranda Hotel, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
(The Second Amhara Agricultural Forum, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 16 January 2018, 2018) Adie, A.; Yitayew, A.; Demeke, B.; Ferede, Y.; Yeheyis, L.; Bezabih, M.; Schmitter, P.; Blümmel, M.; CGIAR; ILRI; IWMI; USAID; ARARI; Sari
Nutrition
(ILSSI, 2020) Lefore, Nicole; Stellbauer, Matt
Nutrition
Progress and Commitment
(Feed the Future, 2018) USAID; ILSSI
Rainfed fodder production Northern and Upper East Regions of Ghana
(ILRI, [2016?]) CSIR; ILRI

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