Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small-Scale Irrigation

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Household Survey Data: Analyzing nutrition, health and gender outcomes
(Feed the Future, 2017) USAID; The Borlaug Institute; TAMU AgriLife Research; TAMU System; IFPRI; IWMI; ILRI; North Carolina A&T State University; CGIAR; ILSSI
Implementing SSI at farm level: results from the field interventions
(Feed the Future, 2018) Lefore, Nicole; CGIAR; USAID; The Borlaug Institute; TAMU AgriLife Research; TAMU System; IFPRI; IWMI; ILRI; North Carolina A&T State University; ILSSI
Integrating Gender into Small-Scale Irrigation
(ILSSI, [2018?]) Theis, Sophie; Lefore, Nicole; Bryan, Elizabeth; Ringler, Claudia; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth
Integrating Gender into Small-Scale Irrigation
Irrigation and women’s diet in Ethiopia: A longitudinal study
(IFPRI, 2019) Baye, Kaleab; Choufani, Jowel; Mekonnen, Dawit; Bryan, Elizabeth; Ringler, Claudia; Griffiths, Jeffrey K.; Davies, Emma
Some agricultural practices, such as irrigation, have the potential to buffer seasonal dietary gaps and thus improve diets, particularly for subsistence farmers but also for rural and urban households that purchase irrigated produce from local markets. While the seasonality of households and children’s diets is well documented, little is known about the seasonality of women’s diets and the influence of irrigation. Using longitudinal data from Ethiopia, this study characterized women’s diet over time and evaluated the potential implications of seasonality and irrigation on women’s diet. Women’s dietary diversity was low (3-4 out of 10 food groups) and exhibited high seasonal variability (P<0.05). Diets were predominantly plant-based, with little consumption of nutrientdense foods, such as fruits and animal source foods. High seasonal variability in energy, protein, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and zinc intakes were observed (P<0.01). Irrigators were more likely to meet the minimum dietary diversity for women (MDDW), had higher energy and calcium intake, and lower prevalence of anemia, than women from non-irrigating households (P< 0.05). No cases of malaria were reported from the three rounds of screening. Our preliminary findings suggest that there is high seasonal variation in women’s diet, but this can be partly offset by irrigation practices.
Linkages between small-scale irrigation and women's empowerment: Evidence from the Upper East Region, Ghana
(IFPRI, 2019) Bryan, Elizabeth; CGIAR; USAID; The Borlaug Institute; TAMU AgriLife Research; TAMU System; IFPRI; IWMI; ILRI; North Carolina A&T State University; ILSSI
Linkages between Small-Scale Irrigation and Women’s Empowerment: Evidence from the Upper East Region, Ghana
(IFPRI, 2019) Bryan, Elizabeth; CGIAR; USAID; The Borlaug Institute; TAMU AgriLife Research; TAMU System; IFPRI; IWMI; ILRI; North Carolina A&T State University; ILSSI
Promoting Gender Equality in Irrigation
(ILSSI, 2016) Theis, Sophie; Passarelli, Simone; Bryan, Elizabeth; Lefore, Nicole; Deneke, Seblewongel; Nyamadi, Ben; Mlote, Sophia
Promoting Gender Equality in Irrigation
Promoting Gender Equality in Irrigation
(ILSSI, 2016) Theis, Sophie; Passarelli, Simone; Bryan, Elizabeth; Lefore, Nicole; Deneke, Seblewongel; Nyamadi, Ben; Mlote, Sophia
A socio-hydrological approach for incorporating gender into biophysical models and implications for water resources research
(Applied Geography, 2015) Baker, Tracy J.; Cullen, Beth; Debevec, Liza; Abebe, Yenenesh; Elsevier
Men and women interact with water resources and landscapes in different ways, and there are frequent criticisms that little research is undertaken across disciplines to address this issue. Biophysical scientists in particular struggle with how to integrate “gendered” water uses into models that are necessarily based on prevailing laws and equations that describe the movement of water through the hydrological cycle, independent of social constructs. We explore the challenges faced in developing interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research approaches and then present a simple yet innovative socio-hydrological approach using participatory three-dimensional maps. As a case study, we describe undertaking this process in Ethiopia where two three-dimensional maps (men's and women's) were separately generated to represent the same 20 km2 landscape. Mapping results indicated important distinctions in how men and women view landscapes with regard to the number and types of ecosystem services identified. For example, only women identified holy water sites along streams, while men identified twice as many sacred trees on the landscape. There was a clear focus and detailed knowledge about soils among participants in both groups. Maps developed as part of this exercise were successfully used as the principal land use input for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and results indicate that this is a valid strategy that enhances scientific knowledge and understanding of overall landscapes and ultimately adds value to research for development questions.
Update on IFPRI Activities in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Ghana
(Feed the Future, 2016) Ringler, Claudia; CGIAR; USAID; The Borlaug Institute; TAMU AgriLife Research; TAMU System; IFPRI; IWMI; ILRI; North Carolina A&T State University; ILSSI
What does empowerment mean to women in northern Ghana? Insights from research around a small-scale irrigation intervention. IFPRI Discussion Paper, 1909, Washington DC. IFPRI. https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133596
(IFPRI, 2020) Bryan, Elizabeth; Garner, Elisabeth; IFPRI; CGIAR
Women’s empowerment is important to improve the status of women and achieve greater gender equity. It is also an important vehicle for achieving other development goals related to food security, nutrition, health, and economic growth. Increasingly, researchers seek ways to measure women’s empowerment, trace the pathways through which women’s empowerment is achieved, and provide guidance for policymakers and practitioners aiming to facilitate women’s empowerment through their interventions. This paper explores local perceptions of empowerment in the Upper East Region of Ghana in the context of a small-scale irrigation intervention targeted to men and women farmers. Using data collected through qualitative interviews and focus groups, the paper traces the linkages between small-scale irrigation and aspects of women’s empowerment, identified as important to men and women farmers themselves. The relationship between the components of empowerment and small-scale irrigation are placed within a larger context of social change underlying these relationships. Finally, this paper explores the ways that the introduction of modern technologies for small-scale irrigation may contribute to women’s empowerment.
What happens after technology adoption? Gendered aspects of small-scale irrigation technologies in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania
(Agriculture and Human Values, 2018) Theis, Sophie; Lefore, Nicole; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth; Bryan, Elizabeth; Springer
Diverse agricultural technologies are promoted to increase yields and incomes, save time, improve food and nutritional security, and even empower women. Yet a gender gap in technology adoption remains for many agricultural technologies, even for those that are promoted for women. This paper complements the literature on gender and technology adoption, which largely focuses on reasons for low rates of female technology adoption, by shifting attention to what happens within a household after it adopts a technology. Understanding the expected benefits and costs of adoption, from the perspective of women users in households with adult males, can help explain observed technology adoption rates and why technology adoption is often not sustained in the longer term. Drawing on qualitative data from Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania, this paper develops a framework for examining the intrahousehold distribution of benefits from technology adoption, focusing on small-scale irrigation technologies. The framework contributes to the conceptual and empirical exploration of joint control over technology by men and women in the same household. Efforts to promote technology adoption for agricultural development and women’s empowerment would benefit from an understanding of intrahousehold control over technology to avoid interpreting technology adoption as an end in and of itself.
What happens after technology adoption? Gendered aspects of small-scale irrigation technologies in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1672. Washington DC: IFPRI.
(IFPRI, 2017) Theis, Sophie; Lefore, Nicole; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth; Bryan, Elizabeth; IFPRI; IWMI
This paper complements the gender and technology adoption literature by shifting attention to what happens after adoption of a technology. Understanding the expected benefits and costs of adoption from the perspective of women users can help explain the technology adoption rates that are observed and why technology adoption is often not sustained in the longer term. Drawing on qualitative data from Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania, this paper develops a framework for examining the intrahousehold distribution of benefits from technology adoption, focusing on small-scale irrigation technologies. The framework contributes to the conceptual and empirical exploration of jointness in control over technology by men and women. It does this by identifying a series of decisions following technology adoption, and how these decisions affect how the technology is used, by whom, to whose benefit, and with what costs.

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