Stanford Sociology Technical Reports and Working Papers, 1961-1993

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Uncertainty, Potential Power, and Nondecisions
(Transaction Publishers, 1985) Zelditch, Morris Jr; Ford, Joan Butler
The authors develop a definition of potential power—what an actor could to another actor if the first cared strongly enough about something—and explore its properties. Experimental research shows that potential power affects others’ behavior even when the powerful actor does not express preferences, promise rewards, or threaten penalties.
A Test of the Law of Anticipated Reactions
(Social Psychological Quarterly, 1988) Ford, Joan Butler; Zelditch, Morris Jr
a. This WP continues investigations in WP 84-3 and 84-10. The authors report an experiment in which they varied the expected likelihood that an advantaged central actor would punish others for attempting to change an inequitable reward structure. Results showed that attempts to change the structure were inversely proportional to the expected likelihood of a penalty, even though the central actor never expressed preferences, demanded compliance, promised rewards, or threatened penalties. This TR was published by the authors (1988).
Directions in Expectation States Research
(Stanford University Press, 1988) Berger, Joseph
This WP was prepared for a conference on the current state and future prospects for status and expectations research. It summarizes theoretical and empirical investigations, and describes the present structure of the program. The author published this WP (1988).
Expected Managerial Careers within Growing and Declining R & D Establishments
(Work and Organizations, 1988) Shenhav, Yehouda A.
The author notes that many studies have used individual-level variables to predict a tendency of scientists to aspire to managerial careers, and proposes that a better understanding of such career progression would include structural and organizational factors. Individual factor did indeed explain much aspiration. The new structural variables added explanatory power, but only in growing organizations. Individual factors may be useful in hiring decisions, while structural factors have implications for design of the R & D structures. This TR was published by the author (1988).
Status Characteristics and Expectation States: A Priori Model Parameters and Test
(Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 1989) Fisek, M. Hamit; Norman, Robert Z.; Nelson-Kilger, Max
The authors theoretically derive f(i) parameter values for use in calculating relative expectations (ep – eo) in the graph model of the theory of status characteristics and expectation states. This WP was published by the authors (1992).
Expected Managerial Careers within Growing and Declining R & D Establishments
(Scientometrics, 1989) Shenhav, Yehouda A.
The authors distinguish six types of productivity in different contexts and develop six corresponding scales and estimate reliability coefficients. Coefficients differ depending on context, supporting an argument that the meanings of productivity, and so its appropriate measurements, differ depending on structure and goals of the teams. This TR was published by the authors (1989).
Theoretical Structures and the Micro-Macro Problem
(Sociological Theories in Progress: New Formulations, 1989) Berger, Joseph; Eyre, Dana P.
This WP was published by Berger, Eyre, and Zelditch (1989).
Status Characteristics and Social Interaction: An Assessment of Theoretical Variants
(JAI Press, 1991) Balkwell, James W.
The author compares and evaluates variant theories proposed in the literature for the processing of status information and effects of expectation states on behavior. The issue was to determine conditions under which, if any, status generalization could be eliminated. The analysis concludes that earlier arguments that found such effects incorrectly analyzed their supporting data. This WP was published by the author (1991).
Participation in Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Groups: A Theoretical Integration
(The American Journal of Sociology, 1991) Fisek, M. Hamit; Berger, Joseph; Norman, Robert Z.
The authors define a behavior interchange pattern that can affect performance expectation states and behavior. This WP was published by the authors (1991).
Status Processes in Permanent Work Groups
(American Sociological Review, 1991) Cohen, Bernard P.; Hooper, Jon; Zhou, Xueguang
This WP was published by Cohen and Zhou (1991).
Organization and productivity in R & D Teams: A Report of Research Findings
(American Sociological Review, 1991) Cohen, Bernard P.; Arechavala-Vargas, Ricardo; Nobel, Darla R.; Shenhav, Yehouda A.
The authors report findings from 224 teams in Silicon Valley on the effects of factors on team productivity and innovativeness. The factors are of four types: interaction, team composition, team organization, and perceptions of the company. Some of these finding were published by Cohen and Zhou (1991).
Expectations, Theory, and Group Processes
(Social Psychology Quarterly, 1992) Berger, Joseph
The author describes his career and the growth of the Expectation States research program. This talk was delivered when Joseph Berger received the Cooley-Mead Award from the Social Psychology Section of the American Sociological Association in 1991. This WP was published by the author (1992).
Processing Status Information
(JAI Press, 1992) Balkwell, James W.; Berger, Joseph; Webster, Murray Jr.; Nelson-Kilger, Max; Cashen, Jacqueline
The authors compare variant formulations (different from those considered in 1990-1) for predicting the processing of status information. The main competitor considered argued that highly relevant information would eliminate effects of less relevant information. Results from a vignette study confirmed predictions of the original status theory and disconfirmed predictions of the competing theory. This WP was published by the authors (1992).
Strategies, Theories, and Models
(Stanford University Press, 1993) Berger, Joseph; Zelditch, Morris Jr
The authors describe unit theories, theoretical research programs, and orienting strategies, and elaborate on types of growth in theoretical research programs. This WP was published by the authors (1993).
A Stochastic Theory for Self-Other Expectations
(2015-07-06) Berger, Joseph; Snell, J. Laurie
This technical report introduces the concept of self-other expectations (Joseph Berger’s [1958] dissertation also includes that term, although defined slightly differently), and develops propositions about their behavioral consequences. It presents a Markov model predicting stability or change in expectation states from different behaviors. Markov models assume that change of state (from one expectation pattern to another) depend only on the previous state and the transition probabilities. This concern became important in developing tasks for testing the theory, as seen in TRs #11 and #15.) TR#1 ends with a note that “Research is presently under way to develop an experimental situation...which...will provide the type of test data required....” Developing that experimental design is described in Berger (2007)
Interactionist Hypotheses of Self-Conception
(2015-07-06) Moore, James C.
Moore replicated and extended a finding of Miyamoto and Dornbusch (1956) with a different population in a different setting. Self-concepts of married couples were closely linked with their spouses’ views, but even more closely linked with the spouses’ perceived views. The effects of others’ opinions on the self are dealt with later as “second-order expectations” (Moore 1985; Fisek, Berger and Moore 2002).
On Conservative Attitudes
(2015-07-13) Anderson, Bo; Zelditch, Morris Jr; Takagi, Paul; Whiteside, Don
This paper argues that rank disequilibrium (or status inconsistency) is a factor in developing right-wing attitudes. The topic had contemporary relevance with the prominence of the John Birch Society, the Christian Anti-Communist Crusade, the Anti-U.N. movement, and the 1964 Republican convention held in South San Francisco.
On the Balance of a Set of Ranks
(2015-07-13) Zelditch, Morris Jr; Anderson, Bo
This theoretical paper addresses what was then called “status consistency” or “status crystallization.” Discrepant ranks on different characteristics such as income, occupational prestige, education, race, and religion were thought to be a source of strain and a motivation to bring the ranks into line. This formal exploration was presented in 1966.
Stability of Organizational Status Structures
(2015-07-14) Zelditch, Morris Jr; Berger, Joseph; Cohen, Bernard P
The authors develop theoretical foundation for ideas in earlier technical reports and elsewhere on status consistency, focusing on effects for organizations. When inconsistent ranks of individuals and jobs become salient, organizational stability is weakened.
Rank Equilibration and Political Behavior
(2015-07-14) Anderson, Bo; Zelditch, Morris Jr
The authors develop theoretical ideas in Technical Report #7 and outline links to political behavior. Technical Report #9 is more abstract than TR #8. This paper develops a theoretical argument about social comparison processes involved in political behavior.

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