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The Apex barges spill Galveston Bay, July 1990
(2005) Greene, TC; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
A major spill of 692,000 gallons of catalytic feedstock oil resulted when the Greek tankship Shinoussa collided with and sank the rank barge Apex 3417 and damaged the tank barge Apex 3503 in the Houston Ship Channel, Galveston Bay, Texas on July 28,1990. The owner of the barges took immediate action to contain and recover the oil and salvage the sunken barge, but on the sixth day withdrew from the cleanup. The Coast Guard On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) federalized the cleanup and continued for another 15 days, completing the cleanup on August 17, 1990. Bioremediation microbes were used for the first time by the OSC to treat oiled marsh areas. Visually, the treatment appeared successful. Several problems were encountered and lessons learned during the major cleanup operation.
Ecological risk assessment principles applied to oil spill response planning
(2005) Kraly, J; Pond, RG; Walker, AH; Caplis, J; Aurand, DV; Coelho, GM; Martin, B; Sowby, M; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
This paper summarizes the process of a cooperative ecological risk assessment (ERA) that was used to examine the potential environmental consequences of oil spill scenarios in San Francisco Bay, California; Galveston Bay, Texas; and Puget Sound, Washington. The purpose of the ERA process is to evaluate the ecological trade-offs associated with the use of each of five potential oil spill removal options - natural recovery, on-water mechanical recovery, shoreline cleanup, dispersant use, and on-water in situ burning. The desired outcome of the evaluation is identification of the optimum mix of response options in reducing injury to each specific environment. Evaluations at each location were accomplished through a series of facilitated workshops involving technical experts and resource managers from as many stakeholder organizations as possible. At these workshops, the participants developed relative ecological risk evaluations for response options. At the conclusion of each ERA, the workshop participants felt that the cooperative ERA process had the potential to become an integral part of the area contingency planning process by facilitating the assessment of the effectiveness of response strategies contained in an Area Contingency Plan (ACP). Repeated application of the process for various scenarios should enable an area committee to optimize response strategies over time by maximizing net environmental benefit. This paper describes the process used by the participants and presents a simplified version of the ERA process amenable to shorter timeframes and consequently more scenarios.
Effects of oil on growth and decomposition of Spartina alterniflora
(2005) Alexander, SK; Webb, Jr, JW; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
Four oils (Arabian crude oil, Libyan crude oil, No. 6 fuel oil, and No, 2 fuel oil) were applied to one-square-meter salt marsh plots in Galveston Bay, Texas. Oils were applied at four levels: no oil, 1 liter on sediment, 1.5 liters on sediment and lower portions of Spartina alterniflora, and 2 liters on sediment and entire S. alterniflora surfaces. Within one week of oil application, nylon bags containing cut stems of S. alterniflora were staked in the center of all unoiled and 1.5 liter oil plots. Oil caused mortality of S. alterniflora within three weeks; the degree of mortality varied with oil type and the extent of plant coverage. Plant mortality was highest in plots with No. 2 fuel oil and those where oil was applied to entire plant surfaces. After five months, growth of plants in No. 2 fuel oil plots still was significantly below control levels. However, initial recovery was apparent in No. 2 fuel oil plots receiving 2 liters. Live biomass in Arabian crude oil, Libyan crude oil, and No. 6 fuel oil plots after five months was comparable to that of controls. Plots clipped three weeks after oil application were recolonized after five months by growth of new stems and seedlings. However, Arabian crude oil and No. 2 fuel oil significantly reduced the emergence of new stems while increasing the germination of seedlings. The decomposition of S. alterniflora was not affected significantly through the first eight months after oil application.
Evolution of shoreline cleanup assessment team activities during the Buffalo 292 oil spill
(2005) Martin, Jr, RD; Byron, I; Pavia, R; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
The Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Team (SCAT) effort during the Buffalo 292 oil spill is noteworthy because of its evolution during the event and because it demonstrated the importance of having a pretrained pool of field personnel. During the initial phase of the spill, when oil was impacting the Galveston Bay entrance along the upper Texas coast, two teams were assembled by the Texas General Land Office and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientific support coordinators. The state of Texas had a large pool of trained SCAT personnel from which to draw because of extensive, interagency SCAT training conducted the previous summer. Although traditional SCAT methods proved too time-consuming to provide timely input early in the spill, they did provide information critical in gaining agreement on acceptable final cleanup levels. In the spill's second phase, as it moved southwest toward Matagorda Island and points south, the SCAT effort became more streamlined and was better able to meet the time constraints of the incident action plan. Significant time savings were realized by using cellular telephones for debriefing SCAT personnel in the field, placing mile marker stakes along the beach front to help identify shore segments, using simplified SCAT reporting forms, and marking buried oil and other areas requiring prompt attention with survey flags. These adaptations allowed the SCAT reports to meet the incident action plan time frame and to provide direct visual input to the cleanup crews without the performing the time-consuming task of sketch mapping.
Integrated hydrodynamic-oil spill modeling in coastal waterways using spillsim
(2005) Hodgins, DO; Solis, R; Martin, R; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
In estuaries and coastal waterways oil spill models must be coupled with hydrodynamic models to give accurate slick predictions. Two case studies show how the UNIX-based SPILLSIM model can be used to advantage with either two-dimensional finite-element current models (Galveston Bay) or three-dimensional current models (Juan de Fuca-Strait of Georgia waterway).
Learnings from the Texas nearshore dispersant demonstration project
(2005) Aurand, D; Clark, J; Jamail, R; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
This project defines circumstances where a dispersant demonstration might be considered for an estuarine oil spill in Texas. In seeking approval for a spill of opportunity demonstration project, we developed criteria defining a viable dispersant response for consideration by the Region VI Regional Response Team. This paper presents the criteria and their rationale developed for Galveston Bay and Corpus Christi Bay, along with the results of recent training exercises. The criteria define the size and general location of an oil spill that might be considered appropriate for a trial dispersant application, and implementation of response and monitoring within a 2-hour window from notification. They are based on descriptions and characterizations of the habitats and species at risk in coastal areas, concentration and duration of dispersed oil plumes that might be generated in a response, potential impacts of these exposures, and the environmental trade-off between implementing mechanical response and a dispersant response. Because the dilution potential is constrained in shallow water environments, spill size has significant impact on the magnitude and duration of potential exposure regimes for water column organisms. Spills of 250 bbls or less pose minimal concern for water column communities with potential net benefit to other coastal resources. The trade-offs were not so obvious for larger spills. The exposure regimes and potential impacts for water-column organisms that would be maximally exposed during a dispersant operation were compared to the exposures and potential impacts for organisms and habitats exposed to floating oil and oil stranded on shorelines, at levels that could result during a mechanical recovery operation. These potential impacts are compared on a spatial and temporal basis, and with consideration for potential rates of recovery.
The M/V NEW AMITY response: Balancing safety, environment, and commerce during an emergency oil spill response
(2005) Cook, K; Arnhart, R; Henry, C; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
On 22 September 2001, a collision occurred between the M/V NEW AMITY and barge, NMS No. 1486 in the Houston Ship Channel. The collision resulted in damage to a single skinned fuel tank of the NEW AMITY and created an oil spill in Upper Galveston Bay near Morgans Point, Texas. The double-hulled cargo oil tanks on the NEW AMITY were not damaged. Additionally, none of the tanks on the NMS No. 1486 were damaged. Immediately after the incident, the damaged tanker was directed by the Coast Guard Captain of the Port (COTP) and Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) to proeceed to the nearest lay berth. The Port of Houston Barbours Cut container terminal was less that a mile away and the tanker arrived while still leaking oil. A reported 36,000 gallons of IFO-380 was released before the source could be controlled; much of the oil being trapped under the pier structures within Barbours Cut. The oil spill impacted some 20 miles of shoreline habitat including salt marshes, sand and shell beaches, and riprap. The decision to move the vessel into Barbours Cut set the stage for a challenging, but ultimately successful spill response and cleanup. It was uniquely characterized by the difficult task of balancing safety, environmental, and commercial concerns during spill response. Response actions were conducted with the goal of minimizing impacts to commerce without compromising the environmental response and worker safety. The Shoreline Cleanup and Assessment Team (or SCAT) process was used to insure that environmental issues were addressed with participation of trustee agencies and to develop cleanup endpoints. Considering the volume of oil released into a sensitive estuarine system, the long-term impacts to the environment were relatively minor. To expedite cleanup, the entire 1.1 mile overhanging dock facility was cleared and four tugs were used to provide a unique method to flush oil out from under the dock into collection areas and open water mechanical skimming systems. Additionally, surface washing agents were used to enhance vessel and hard structure cleanup. Despite the extended response and difficult conditions, no major injuries were reported during the response. A complicating factor throughout was that the spill occurred just eleven days after the September 11th terrorist attack, as U.S. Coast Guard resources and local media were focused on maritime homeland security.
Measuring efficacy of bioremediation of oil spills: Monitoring observations, and lessons from the apex oil spill experience
(2005) Mearns, AJ; Roques, P; Henry, Jr, CB; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
Bioremediation treatment and monitoring were observed at an oiled marsh in upper Galveston Bay, Texas, August 5 to 8, 1990, during response to the oil spill created by the collision of three Apex barges and the tanker Shinoussa. Samples of oil from treated and untreated sites were collected and independently analyzed for evidence of biodegradation. Required monitoring protocols for water and sediment quality and acquisition of samples for chemical analysis were expertly adhered to. Visual observations indicated that the treated oil experienced color changes. However, after several days there were no significant visual differences in oil appearance in treated and untreated plots. Chemical analyses from samples collected by observers (independent of the required monitoring program) indicated that there were also no apparent chemical differences in petroleum hydrocarbon patterns between treated and untreated plots. Water from one or both of two treated sites was toxic to mysid shrimp; it is possible that micronutrients (trace elements) in the nutrient mix may have contributed to that toxicity, Increased monitoring is needed to demonstrate the efficacy and effects of bioremediation.
Modeling fates and impacts of hypothetical oil spills in Delaware, Florida, Texas, California and Alaska waters, varying response options including use of dispersants
(2005) McCay, DF; Whittier, N; Dalton, C; Rowe, J; Sankaranarayanan, S; Aurand, D; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
Oil spill response may include use of chemical dispersants and in situ burning equipment, in addition to traditional mechanical response equipment. To evaluate the potential impacts of various response strategies, oil spill and atmospheric plume modeling were performed to evaluate areas of the atmosphere at sea level, water areas, shoreline lengths, sediment areas, and water volumes impacted above thresholds of concern to biological species and habitats, human health and socioeconomic resources. For the oil spill modeling, a stochastic approach was used to allow the range and frequency of possible environmental conditions to be examined for each spill site, spill volume and response option evaluated. Long term (decade or more) wind and current records were sampled at random and model runs were performed for each of the spill dates-times selected. This provides a statistical description of the environmental fate and impacts that would result if a spill occurred. Stochastic modeling was performed in five representative locations in the US: (1) offshore of Delaware Bay, (2) offshore of Galveston Bay, (3) offshore of San Francisco Bay, (4) Prince William Sound, and (5) offshore of the Florida Keys. These data were used to evaluate potential impacts of changes in response strategies, i.e., combining use of dispersants and in situ burning with traditional mechanical recovery. The results of the oil spill modeling for the Florida Straits location are summarized herein.
Monitoring for bioremediation efficacy: The Marrow Marsh experience
(2005) Nadeau, R; Singhvi, R; Ryabik, J; Lin, Y-H; Syslo, J; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Response Team analyzed samples taken from Marrow Marsh, Galveston Bay, Texas, to assess the efficacy of a bioremediation effort in the marsh following the Apex barges spill on July 28, 1990 Samples from the marsh had been collected over a 96-hour period following the first application of the bioremediation agent and then 25 days after the second application, which occurred 8 days after the first. Results of sample analyses to evaluate changes in the chemical characteristics of spilled oil failed to show evidence of oil degradation during the 96 hours after the initial treatment, but did show evidence of degradation 25 days after the second treatment-although differences between samples from treated and untreated sites were not evident. Because control areas had not been maintained after the second application, contamination by the bioremediation agent of previously untreated (control) areas may have occurred, perhaps negating the possibility of detecting differences between treated and control areas. Better preparedness to implement bioremediation and conduct monitoring might have increased the effectiveness of the monitoring effort.
Onshore impacts and cleanup during the Burmah Agate oil spill - November 1979
(2005) Thebeau, LC; Kana, TW; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
Of the 250,000 barrels (bbl) of oil spilled or consumed by fire during the Burmah Agate spill off Galveston, Texas, in November 1979, 2, 100 bbl eventually reached the shore. Fortunately, because of the predominance of offshore, northerly winds in November 1979, most of the oil not consumed by fire dispersed offshore or was contained and recovered at the wreck site. Daily aerial and ground surveys at reference stations were conducted to locate impacts and monitor the persistence of oil onshore. Beach impacts directly attributable to the Burmah Agate occurred as far as 470 kilometers (km) from the wreck near Mansfield Pass, Texas. The first major impact occurred on November 8 and 9 when approximately 500 bbl impacted a 10-km section of San Jose Island, 250 km southwest of the wreck. Due to relative inaccessibility, and rapid recovery of the beach, no cleanup was attempted. By November 16, 1979, less than 25 percent of the impact remained buried or on the beachface. The heaviest onshore impact of Burmah Agate oil occurred November 19 to 21 whet up to 1,500 bbl beached along the western half of Galveston Island. Cleanup was initially by manual labor and front-end loaders; however, by November 23, the primary method of cleanup involved pooling the oil by hand labor and picking it up with vacuum trucks. This latter method considerably reduced the volume of sand removed from the beach. Cleanup and manicuring the beach were virtually complete by November 27. Other minor impacts of less than 50 bbl occurred sporadically during the spill from Bolivar Peninsula to Brown Cedar Cut. The only known marsh impact occurred on November 9, when approximately 5 bbl coated 400 meters of fringing marsh along Smith Point in Galveston Bay.
Oysters as biomonitors of the apex barge oil spill
(2005) Wade, TL; Jackson, TJ; McDonald, TJ; Wilkinson, DL; Brooks, JM; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
The collision of the Greek tanker ship Shinoussa resulted in a spill of an estimated 692,000 gallons of catalytic feed stock oil into Galveston Bay on July 28, 1990. Oysters were collected from Galveston Bay Todds Dump (GRID) 235 days previous to the spill and 6,37,132, and 495 days after the spill. Oysters were also collected from Galveston Bay Redfish Island (GBRI), a site known to be impacted by the spill, 37 and 110 days after the spill. The concentration of the 24 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) measured for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's national status and trends program (NS&T) site showed a sharp increase from about 100 ng/g to over 600 ng/g one week after the spill compared to concentrations 235 days previous to the spill. The concentration of the 24 NS&T PAH in oysters from GBRI ranges from 400 to over 1000 ng/g. Soon after the spill the concentration of the 24 NS&T PAH at Todds Dump decreased to levels not statistically different from pre-spill samples. However, analyses of alkylated and sulfur containing aromatic compounds indicate the oysters were still contaminated with Apex barge oil at least 37 and 110 days after the spill at GBTD and GBRI, respectively. Data from NS&T sampling at GBTD more than a year after the spill (495 days) indicates the presence of alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons that may be from Apex barge oil still in the area. It appears that a sink of Apex barge oil (i.e., in sediments) may periodically be released by storms or other events into the ecosystem near GBTD. Therefore, bioavailable Apex barge oil is still present and may adversely affect oysters 495 days after the spill.
Petroleum hydrocarbons and oyster resources of Galveston Bay, Texas
(2005) Anderson, RD; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
Field and laboratory studies of petroleum hydrocarbons in the tissues of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, a primary shellfish resource in the Galveston Bay system, were conducted from 1971-19 74. Initial ultraviolet spectrophotometric and gas Chromatographic analyses of tissues revealed significant amounts of oil-derived petroleum hydrocarbons from oysters collected at Morgan's Point Reef at the lower end of the Houston Ship Channel. Lower values, when detectable, were found in oyster meats collected at natural and artificial reefs scattered throughout the lower bay system. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to determine uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons by oysters. Rapid deportation of petroleum hydrocarbons accumulated in field and experimental exposures was found in oil-free seawater. Oysters released saturated chains and most aromatic fractions rapidly with depuration to below detectable levels (0.1 ppm) taking place within 52 days. Transfer of oysters for depuration purposes shows promise of improving the overall quality of this shellfish resource.
Real time geo-referenced detection of dispersed oil plumes
(2005) Fuller, CB; Bonner, JS; Kelly, F; Page, CA; Ojo, T; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
The current SMART protocol used by the U.S. Coast Guard relies on traditional ex-situ fluorometers that require physical transport of the sample from the water column to the instruments. While sample transport methods are available (e.g. pumps and discrete sampling), they introduce time lags in the data acquisition process. These lags can be a source of error when the data is post analysed and is not conducive to real-time monitoring efforts, creating significant logistical problems and dispersion (smearing) of the sample stream. Another limitation of the currently-used equipment is that it requires much attention to manually record GPS data which is later used to determine the spatial distribution of an oil plume. Recent developments of in-situ fluorometric instrumentation promise to simplify problems associated with deployment of ex-situ instrumentation (e.g. insuring that pumps are primed) in boat-based field applications. This study first compares the performance of two in-situ fluorometers in a simulated oil and dispersant application at the Shoreline Environmental Research Facility at Texas A&M University in Corpus Christi, Texas. The fluorometers were the WETStar and the ECP-FL3 (both by WETLabs, Inc.). To address issues related to data collection from a GPS and a fluorometer, a system was developed that simultaneously merges data from both instruments into a single file and presents the data real-time as a color-coded ship track. The applicability of this system was tested and evaluated during a spill response exercise conducted by the Texas General Land Office and the U.S. Coast Guard in Galveston Bay, Texas, U.S.A.
Recovery of tar mats using commercial shrimping boats during the Buffalo 292 spill
(2005) Clark, T; Strong, B; Benson, B; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
One of the greatest challenges facing responders to a recent intermediate fuel oil (IFO 380) spill was the recovery of tar mats and patties from the surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico before they could impact the barrier islands of Texas. When the marine barge Buffalo 292 spilled approximately 3000 barrels of IFO 380 in heavy weather conditions in Galveston Bay in March 1996, it is estimated that more than half of the spilled IFO 380 was swept out into the Gulf of Mexico by high northerly winds. There was great success in tracking the oil as it moved around the Gulf and eventually formed into large tar mats and patties. The overall weathered condition of the IFO 380 soon made use of conventional offshore skimmers ineffective, so responders began looking at ways to effectively recover the tar mats and patties before they could impact the barrier island beaches of Texas during the busy spring break season. Since commercial shrimping vessels could tow a net and were designed for slow operating speeds, it was decided to try using these vessels to recover the tar mats and patties. By modifying traditional nets and using a spotter aircraft to move the shrimping vessels to the greatest concentration of tar mats and patties, participants made the operation a success.
Relationship of Spartina alterniflora growth to sediment oil content following an oil spill
(2005) Alexander, SK; Webb, Jr, JW; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
A single spill of crude oil in a salt marsh is generally considered to have limited biological effects. A crude oil spill in Dickinson Bayou (in the Galveston Bay system of Texas) in January 1984 provided the opportunity to test this hypothesis in salt marshes exposed to varying amounts of oil. Growth of Spartina alterniflora was unaffected in light to moderately oiled sediments (less than 5-mg oil/g sediment). However, growth was significantly reduced in sediments with high oil content (5 to 51 mg/g) through 18 months. Erosion of shoreline areas with high oil content was evident by 16 months and continued through 32 months. These results demonstrate the adverse effect of high concentrations of crude oil in salt marsh sediments. Each crude oil spill must be evaluated individually with regard to the likelihood of significant accumulation of oil in sediments before a decision is made regarding a cleanup response.
Relationships with the media during the Buffalo 292 oil spill
(2005) DeLong, GN; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
In 1996 the tank barge Buffalo 292 suffered a catastrophic structural failure, spilling nearly 5000 barrels of heavy fuel oil into Galveston Bay. The oil severely impacted Galveston Island and Bolivar Peninsula and was blown out to sea, threatening hundreds of miles of shoreline in the Gulf of Mexico. The cleanup following the spill was reported on a national news level. The response efforts received fair, accurate, and favorable news coverage as the result of an aggressive and well-managed public information system. This favorable coverage was due in part to public relations contingency planning and media relationships developed during the planning process.
Results from cooperative ecological risk assessments for oil spill response planning in Galveston Bay, Texas and the San Francisco Bay area, California
(2005) Aurand, DV; Coelho, GM; Pond, RG; Martin, B; Caplis, J; Kraly, J; Sowby, M; Walker, AH; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
This paper summarizes the results of two cooperative ecological risk assessments (ERAs) that examined the potential environmental consequences of oil spill scenarios, two in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay, California and one in Galveston Bay, Texas. The goal of the evaluation was to identify the optimum mix of response options for reducing injury to the environment. For these specific scenarios, the participants concluded that only dispersant use, assuming high effectiveness, had the potential to significantly reduce environmental impact when compared to natural recovery. While water-column effects increased with dispersant use, they were not long term and judged to be of less ecological significance than shoreline or water-surface impacts. Aside from dispersant use, only shoreline cleanup was effective in clearly mitigating impacts, and obviously would not prevent the immediate consequences of the spills. The optimum response was viewed as involving some combination of the various response options. There were some issues with data adequacy in both locations, but both groups felt the information was adequate for the analysis. In both ERAs, participants emphasized that the conclusions were scenario specific, and that additional analyses would be necessary before any significant generalizations could be made.
Seasonal response of Spartina alterniflora to oil
(2005) Alexander, SK; Webb, Jr, JW; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
Salt marsh plots located in Galveston Bay, Texas, were treated with oil during November and May, the respective periods of declining and increasing growth for Spartina alterniflora. Four oils (Arabian crude. Libvan crude. No. 6 fuel and No. 2 fuel) were applied to plots in four ways: no oil (control): 1 liter (L) on sediment, 1.5 L on sediment and lower portions of S. alterniflora, and 2 L on sediment and entire S. alterniflora surfaces. Live plant biomass and residual oil in sediment were determined periodically after oil treatment. Season did not influence S. alterniflora response to oil when applied to sediment and lower plant portions. In these cases, plant response was similar after November and May applications, with a reduction in live plant biomass observed only for No. 2 fuel oil. Season did influence S. alterniflora response to oil when applied to entire plant surfaces. Completely covering the plant typically caused a longer reduction in live plant biomass after the May application. Again, No. 2 fuel oil caused the greatest decrease in live plant biomass. Long-term effects on live plant biomass were observed through 12 months for No. 2 fuel oil and for complete plant coverage in May, but results of these observations were not related to high concentrations of residual oil in sediment. We believe that long-term effects were the result of bridal adverse effects on roots, which slowed plant recovery.
Tank barge Buffalo 292: A unified response
(2005) Eldridge, KJ; Leonard Jr, JJ; Kutz, DW; Rochester, ML; 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005
Buffalo 292 was a 275-foot bunker barge loaded with 17,000 barrels of IFO 380. On March 18, 1996, Buffalo 292 was heading southbound along the Houston Ship Channel. High winds, rough seas, and the barge's loading condition caused the barge to buckle and spill 3000 barrels of product into Galveston Bay. Operational success was linked to the training and experience of the responding agencies, local government assistance, rapid assessment team operations, and the dedicated efforts of the planning section. Responding agencies demonstrated that a unified response is the only way to cope with an environmental disaster of this magnitude.

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