ESL-HH-06-07-25 Improved Specifications for Federally Procured Ruggedized Manufactured Homes for Disaster Relief in Hot/Humid Climates Stephanie Thomas-Rees Subrato Chandra Stephen Barkazsi Dave Chasar Carlos Colon Research Architect Program Director Senior Research Senior Research Senior Research Engineer Engineer Engineer Florida Solar Energy Center Cocoa, FL ABSTRACT Cities” would increase crime rates and lower their property values. Critics believe that dispersing the Before reconstruction can begin after a natural money they spent per home, directly to each of the disaster, temporary housing is essential to victims they provided accommodations to, is a better stabilization of a community. The offsite, rapid use of taxpayer dollars than purchasing these units construction, and the ability to transport (and for temporary and often, one time only, use. While relocate) are two advantages of the ruggedized the temporary housing program is antiquated, it is manufactured home. Two improved specifications, what the law allows. EnergyStar (ES) and the Building America Structural Insulated Panel (BASIP) manufactured home, are FEMA procured manufactured homes are used to suggested in this paper that enhance the energy accommodate victims of natural disasters. As efficiency, sustainability, and indoor air quality and hurricanes are predicted to intensify and increase in provide back up power, without compromising numbers, more temporary structures will be needed. human health, safety or comfort. The energy When Hurricane Katrina struck the shores of performance of the ES and BASIP manufactured Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama last year, 25,000 homes are compared to the base case or currently manufactured homes and 100,000 travel trailers were specified ruggedized manufactured home using the ordered (and built) to help accommodate the FSEC developed ENERGYGAUGE® USA (Version thousands of victims who could not find and/or 2.5.6) software. The specifications presented in this afford safe housing while their homes were being paper allow for better quality construction and repaired or in some cases, rebuilt completely. By includes renewable energy. This not only reduces extrapolating information from recent articles, the utility bills during regular operations but provides costs associated with recent manufactured home and electricity and hot water for essential functions travel trailer purchases amounts to approximately 2.9 during power outages associated with reconstruction billion dollars. Each travel trailer costs about following a natural disaster. $10,000. Each manufactured home costs about $76,800 per dwelling, which includes purchase, transportation, installation, maintenance, cleaning INTRODUCTION and disposal. However, these figures do not include Hurricane Katrina caused major devastation to energy costs and environmental impacts, associated parishes, communities and entire cities requiring with the manufactured homes that are currently used. accommodations of mass quantities and extreme urgency. The Federal Emergency Management Continued to be scrutinized for temporary home Agency (FEMA) responded to the temporary housing expenditures, FEMA is complying with what law needs by procuring over 100,000 travel trailers and allows. The Stafford Act limits the amount of money over 25,000 ruggedized manufactured homes. FEMA can grant directly to an individual at However, finding the proper location and the costs $26,2001. While this may seem like adequate funds associated with constructing, transporting, installing, to support a household for a period of 18 months, maintaining and operating these temporary housing some times, as experienced during Hurricane Katrina, accommodations has become controversial. Local safe housing accommodations are not available governments denied installments within flood zones because an entire community has been devastated. (which are where most of the destruction and The program for providing ruggedized manufactured devastation occurred and where the temporary homes was developed in the 70’s and although housing was needed) and local citizens brought opposition citing that they feared these “FEMA 1 http://www.fema.gov/library/stafact.shtm#sec408 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, Orlando, FL, July 24-26, 2006 ESL-HH-06-07-25 antiquated, the program or procurement high energy use. Poor indoor air quality can induce specifications warrant improvement. medical complications in occupants with asthma or other chronic illnesses and with energy costs on the Manufactured homes, utility expenses, rise, procurement specifications necessitate energy maintenance, etc. are provided at no cost to the efficient solutions without compensating human victims until they can move back into their existing comfort or safety. homes or find other permanent housing. The manufactured homes are typically provided for a If FEMA’s current procurement process is to period of not more than 18 months. Once the 18 remain standard procedure, this report recommends month period has expired, the manufactured homes two specifications for consideration. The are vacated and immediately transported to a staging EnergyStar Ruggedized Manufactured Home (ES) area for future reuse or sale through the GAS website and the Building America Structural Insulated Panel (http://gsaauctions.gov/gsaauctions/gsaauctions). If Manufactured Home (BASIP) specifications, included displaced residents can not find affordable housing, in this report, provide improved temporary shelter extensions are granted by FEMA. Most recently, the accommodations suitable for multiple moves, and Punta Gorda, FL village has extended the remaining have capabilities to provide power for essential loads occupants’ stay until September 2006, totaling a 24 during extended power outages. Not only are the month housing period for these residents. In Florida tangible benefits associated with energy cost savings there are 4,160 manufactured homes or trailers still the justification for this report, but indoor air quality occupied by storm victims, down from a 2004 peak plays and increasingly demanding role amongst of more than 17,000. There were 551 families at one occupants with sensitivities to asthma and other time in the Punta Gorda village that opened in environmental related health conditions. Also November 2004 (see photo of typical FEMA included in this report are energy cost comparisons temporary community, the one pictured in Figure 1 is and analysis. in Arcadia, FL).1 Figure 1. FEMA City, Arcadia, FL Photo Credit: FEMA The ES manufactured home specification is modeled The procurement process that FEMA initiates from the Energy Star guidelines for manufactured when manufactured home orders are needed, start homes (MHRA 2003). An ENERGY STAR labeled with FEMA requesting quotes from manufactured manufactured home must be at least 30% more home builders to build the homes in accordance with energy efficient in its heating, cooling and water HUD Manufacturing Housing Standards, also known heating than a comparable home built to the 1993 as Title 24 (Chasar, et al. 2004). The manufactured Model Energy Code (MEC) (Chasar, et al 2004)2. homes specified to these standards, developed in the The specification for BASIP goes a little further 70’s, are often constructed to the minimum standards, in creating a specification that results in optimal resulting in large energy use compared to their site indoor air quality, increased energy savings and also built equivalents. The specifications recently used in hot and humid climates (i.e. areas where Hurricane Katrina struck) have the potential for indoor air 2 http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/bldg/baihp/pubs/estar- quality and high maintenance concerns, in addition to hudcert/index.htm Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, Orlando, FL, July 24-26, 2006 ESL-HH-06-07-25 provides “free energy”. Table 1 summarizes the window, and surface U values as well as other characteristics. Table 1. Summary of Construction of the Existing and Proposed Specifications for FEMA Ruggedized Manufactured Homes Characteristic Base Home (existing) Energy Star (proposed BASIP (proposed) Floor Insulation R-19 R-21 R-19 Wall Insulation R-13 R-13.5 >%-15.4 Ceiling Insulation R-21 R-18.5 roof deck radiant >R-23 barrier Roof Dark Shingle Light shingle with radiant White metal raised seam barrier roof Windows Single Pane, Metal Frame Low-E Vinyl; Frame Low-E Vinyl Framed with storm shutters Heating System Electric Resistance Furnace, Heat Pump HSPF 7.5 Heat Pump HSPF 7.7 COP:1 Cooling System Central Air (Split System) Wall Hung Heat Pump Wall Hung Heat Pump Conditioning SEER13-2 ton SEER 13-2 ton SEER 13-1.5 ton Water Heater Electric Water Heater 40 Electric Water Heater 40 ICS Solar Water Heater gallon capacity gallon capacity with backup 40 gallon electric water heater Ventilation System Under floor Above ceiling in vented Under SIP roof ( in attic conditioned space, unvented attic) Duct Joints (leakage Industry Standard – 6% Sealed with mastic – 3% Sealed with mastic (inside expressed as CFM25 to leakage to out leakage to out thermal envelope) 0% out as % of floor area) leakage House air tightness (in 7.5 5.10 4.00 terms of ACH50)* Retractable Awning N/A Optional (provides Optional (provides additional square additional square footage/outdoor space) footage/outdoor space) On Site Generated N/A N/A 3.25kW PV system Power *Figures from measured data of blower door test of US manufactured housing (Baechler, et al, 2002) BASE CASE, ENERGY STAR AND BUILDING of the few designs that have evolved since Hurricane AMERICA STRUCTURAL INSULATED Katrina left so many victims homeless. PANEL MANUFACTURED HOME CHARACTERISTICS The base case or currently procured and the Improving the construction methods and energy proposed ES ruggedized manufactured home have efficiency of federally procured ruggedized overall dimensions of 14’x 60’ (Figure 2). The units manufactured homes, used as temporary specified have 3 bedrooms and 2 baths. The base case accommodations, will increase the durability and and ES units have ventilated attics and gabled roof expand the life expectancy and reusability. The plans (Figure 3). The BASIP unit has been improved specifications and revised roof layout of lengthened to accommodate a mechanical room and the BASIP will also accommodate a mating of “single mono-sloped roof (Figures 4 & 5). wide” units to make a “double wide” and larger unit that would provide a more comfortable environment The ES specification uses an advanced framing and a more mainstream approach to typical home method. While the base case uses typical 2x4 stud floor plans (see end wall elevations as illustrated in construction spaced on 16” centers, the advanced Figure 3). This report does not explore floor plan framing method uses 2x6 studs spaced on 24” redesign at this time; however it does identify some centers. Advanced framing methods may reduce Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, Orlando, FL, July 24-26, 2006 ESL-HH-06-07-25 wood use up to 25% and improve wall thermal cooling equipment, fenestration properties and the resistance values from 5 to 10%. It can also decrease integration of renewable energy sources, i.e. pv and labor with fewer pieces going together, therefore solar hot water heating. The base case and ES are saving money3. The BASIP specification uses similar in geometry but differ in hvac systems structural insulated panel method with integral wire engineering and hvac equipment location. chases for walls and the roof but the floor system uses advanced framing method, locating the Considering the energy costs alone, these plumbing requirements in the “belly”, as does the specification recommendations facilitate significant base case and ES. utility demand reductions. During a 12 month period, the latest order of 25,000 FEMA specified The BASIP specifies a photovoltaic (pv) ruggedized manufactured homes will consume about integrated metal roof system with a skylight and 247 GWh, which will cost the Federal Government Integrated Collector Storage (ICS) solar hot water approximately 24.7 million dollars (at $0.13/kWh). system. The elevations illustrate “Bahama” style If these units were deployed to other areas like shutters that provide hurricane protection and solar Hawaii, where utility rates are almost 44% higher, shading. The end wall elevation (Figure 5) illustrates the government’s electric bill could cost over 35 the inclusion of a retractable awning that also million dollars. The ES, which proposes to improve provides solar shading and additional square footage. the energy efficiency by at least 12%, would provide a savings of over 3 million dollars over a 12 month ENERGY ANALYSIS USING period. The BASIP, proposes to improve the ENERGYGAUGE® efficiency by at least 77% (see Table 2). This The proposed specifications and the base case equates to about 60.7 GWh of electricity saving federally procured manufactured home are analyzed approximately 20.2 million dollars. using the FSEC developed ENERGYGAUGE® USA (Version 2.5.6) software program. This program The ES manufactured home would eliminate predicts building energy consumption using the approximately 23,000 tons of greenhouse gas DOE2 analysis engine with a user friendly front end emissions, equivalent to removing 3,733 passenger that develops DOE2 input files and models that are cars and light trucks from the highway for one year more appropriate for residential building systems or saving our reliance on 48,524 barrels of oil. The (Parker, et. al, 1999). BASIP specification would remove approximately 125,500 tons of greenhouse gas emissions, equivalent An analytical model was developed for each of to removing 20,367 passenger cars and light trucks the manufactured home specifications. These models from the highway for one year or saving our reliance were essentially the same with differences only in the on 264,771 barrels of oil.4 R-values in the various building envelope components, the duct leakage values, the heating and Table 2. Summary of Comparisons of Simulated Savings End-Use Base Energy Star % Savings BASIP % Savings (existing) (proposed) Over Base (proposed) Over Base Annual Energy Use 10,429 8,869 15 *2,549 76 (kWh) (6,741 total) Annual Energy Costs 1,355 1,154 15 332 76 ($) @ $0.13/kWh Annual CO2 Output 6.18 5.06 18 1.15 87 (tons) AC 2,328 1,791 23 1,608 31 Heat 1,714 481 72 620 64 Hot Water 2,767 2,652 4 1,391 50 Lighting 1,111 1,111 0 479 57 * Net Energy Usage = Total Energy Usage – PV Produced (see Figure 7 for details) 3 http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/bldrs_lenders _raters/downloads/BuilderGuide3D.pdf 4 http://www.usctcgateway.net/tool/ Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, Orlando, FL, July 24-26, 2006 ESL-HH-06-07-25 FEMA Model - Disaster Temporary Housing Unit (14' x 60' Box) Closet Closet Dining Room Bedroom 2 W/DR Fur Living Room Master Bedroom 3 Bedroom BT/S Ref Kitchen Bathroom Range Closet WH MW Sink Box equals 60' NTE 5' WH Water Heater BT/S Bathtub/Shower W/DR Washer/Dryer MW Microwave Ref Refridgerator Fur Furnance NTE Not To Exceed Figure 2. Floor Plan for the Base Case (Courtesy of Palm Harbor Homes) Figure 3. Elevations for the Base Case (Courtesy of Palm Harbor Homes) Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, Orlando, FL, July 24-26, 2006 14' ESL-HH-06-07-25 14’-0” Battery Bank 6’-0” 60’-0” Figure 4. Floor Plan (by Palm Harbor Homes, et al.) for the Energy Star & Building America Structurally Insulated Panel Manufactured Homes Figure 5. Elevations for the Building America Structurally Insulated Panel Manufactured Home Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, Orlando, FL, July 24-26, 2006 ESL-HH-06-07-25 INTEGRATED PV ARRAY The BASIP specification proposes the integration of a 3.25kW pv array that would generate the peak power requirements. This is especially beneficial when manufactured homes need to be deployed to areas where utilities have not been restored or during times when service is interrupted. EnergyGauge® models the annual energy use and the annual energy produced by the pv array for the home located in New Orleans, LA. Figure 6 illustrates the summary of monthly averages and Figure 7 illustrates the summary of hourly averages. The pv array produces a net energy of 4,192 kWh. Total consumption is 6,630 kWh annually for a net energy use of 2,429 Figure 8. BASIP manufactured home kWh and 77% savings. If the pv array was omitted, electrical end uses. the BASIP would produce 37% savings over the base HVAC case manufactured home. The base case manufactured home as it is constructed today uses a mechanical system that is Average Monthly Summary Electrical ducted under the floor of the home (referred to as “in Consumption & Production the belly”). The air handling equipment is in the interior of the home and the compressor is set onto a 800 concrete pad once the manufactured home is 700 600 delivered to the site. This requires coordination and pv produced (kWh) 500 total energy use (kWh) additional personnel to connect the system on site 400 300 and also almost never involves any commissioning or 200 verification that the system is functioning properly as 100 0 designed. The ES manufactured home models an ary ary rch pri l y e ly st r r er r improved hvac system with higher energy efficiency nu e e e bru M a un Ju gu b b b b Ja e M a A J o F A u temp Oc t m m ov e cee and improved requirements on duct sealing. It also Se N D relocates the ductwork above the ceiling, as does the Month BASIP. However, the BASIP creates a conditioned Figure 6. Monthly electrical consumption space for the ductwork due to the sip system. The and production. relocation of ductwork above the ceiling eliminates the risk of supply vents being covered with furniture. The BASIP uses the plenum above the ceiling and below the sip for return air supply (see Figure 9). This may create an example where innovative technology precedes code development because flame spread ratings and fire code issues may need to be investigated further to ensure code compliance. The BASIP specification proposes a hvac system that is installed onto the home in the factory, allowing the mechanical system to be completely operational upon delivery. The BASIP also properly sizes the unit with respect to its characteristics, allowing proper humidity removal and better indoor Figure 7. Hourly summary of electrical air quality. consumption and production The energy savings from the improved air Figure 8 demonstrates the average hourly conditioning and heating demands amount to 25% - electrical uses for the whole year, revealing the hvac 35% and 60% - 65% for the ES and BASIP and hot water require the largest demand (which is respectively over the base case. The BASIP can also typical in the base case and ES models). credit this savings so the increased energy efficient rating and the properly sizing of the system. The SIP, in addition to tight ducts, results in tighter Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, Orlando, FL, July 24-26, 2006 kWh ESL-HH-06-07-25 construction, less leakage and better indoor air controllers are not required. On demand, cold water quality. from the house flows into the collector and hot water from the collector flows to a standard hot water DOMESTIC HOT WATER auxiliary tank within the house (Harrison, et. al, The BASIP manufactured home specifies an 1997). The benefit to using an ICS system over a Integral Collector Storage (ICS) hot water system drain back system is less mechanical parts and which saves about 54% energy over the base case and pumps. The BASIP unit will have a user’s manual ES home (see Figure 10). In the ICS, the hot water and diagrams installed at the water heating system storage system is the collector. Cold water flows (located in the mechanical room, see Figure 3) that progressively through the collector where it is heated indicate freeze protection procedures during the by the sun. Hot water is drawn from the top, which is months of December, January and February, as well the hottest, and replacement water flows into the as during transportation and relocation. Another bottom. This system is simple because pumps and benefit of using an ICS system is the availability of hot water during power outages. Figure 9. BASIP cross section and HVAC layout. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, Orlando, FL, July 24-26, 2006 ESL-HH-06-07-25 Average Monthly Summary Hot Water Demand Consumption 300 250 200 Base 150 ES 100 BASIP 50 0 an eb ar pr ay un l g p t v c J F M A u c M J J Au Se O No De Month Figure 10. Hot water electrical demand comparisons. PELIMINARY ECONOMICS system. Optimistically and with bulk pricing for Early in the research of this report, incremental many of these systems purchased, the array could be cost estimates were generated for the ES procured as low as $6 per kW or about $20k (the manufactured home of about $900. However, due to figured used in Table 3). Another large incremental the proposed wall mount hvac system, third party costing component is the ICS hot water system. This mechanical system installation costs are omitted (and is estimated at a $2,300 up charge from the typical for each relocation). These charges are estimated at electric water heaters, which cost about $200. The $700 per move. Table 4 estimates incremental costs other incremental costs in Table 4 are likely much per component and assumes two moves. This results higher than would be actually realized due to the in a net savings of approximately $854 over the base experimental nature of the proposal. With these case, including other proposed upgrades. The caveats understood, Table 4 illustrates the proposed BASIP manufactured home specifications incremental costs, energy savings and simple have incremental costs associated with the skylight, payback periods for each specification. The life pv, solar hot water system, high efficiency hvac cycle costs will be determined at a later date if the system and sip construction. The pv array is a large scope of this project warrants such investigation. incremental cost in the BASIP manufactured home Note that the savings and paybacks will vary in specification. Systems can generally costs about accordance with the home’s location in respect to the $10K per kW of pv array. This would amount to utility rates. approximately $32.5k for the specified BASIP Table 3. Incremental Costs Comparisons and Savings Incremental Incremental Electric Energy Annual Energy Simple Cost Cost Rate Savings Savings Payback ($/ft2) ($) (kWh/day) ($) (yrs) ES Home ($854) ($1.04) $0.13/kwh $4.27 $201 - BASIP Home $27,301 $29.55 $0.13/kwh $21.59 $1,023 27 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, Orlando, FL, July 24-26, 2006 kWh ESL-HH-06-07-25 Table 4. Component/Incremental Cost Estimates for ES & BASIP ES Home ES Home Component BASIP Home BASIP Home Component Component Cost Increment Component Cost Increment HVAC (equipment) Wall hung AC/HP, $101 Wall hung AC/HP, $101 SEER 13 SEER 13 HVAC Labor (based on 2 Negative cost due ($1,400) Negative cost due to ($1,400) moves) to equipment equipment attached to attached to unit unit Framing Advanced framing, $0 Sip (walls & roof) $2000 less material, less ±$3.25 square foot labor Windows Vinyl frame, dbl. $400 Vinyl frame, dbl. pane, $400 pane, low-e low-e Roof Light colored $0 White, raised seam, $2,200 asphalt shingle metal roof Floor Plan N/A N/A Lengthened floor plan $700 Jump Duct Jump duct for $45 n/a n/a return air from wall hung at end of unit Retractable awning Optional N/A 12’w x 10’d $300 Bahama shutters N/A N/A See figure 4 $400 Skylight N/A N/A (1) skylight 18sq.ft. $200 Solar Hot Water N/A N/A ICS w/aux. elec. tank $2400 PV system N/A N/A 3.25kW array $20,000 Total Incremental Cost ($854) $27,301 CONCLUSIONS Code home made of structural insulated panels (SIPS) was tested, instrumented and monitored for Through various programs that the federal energy efficiency (Baechler, et al., 2002). The results government has initiated, the search for more of this experiment provided the premise from which affordable, energy efficient and sustainable the BASIP was developed. temporary housing is taking a more aggressive stance in the building environment. When FSEC was tasked The FEMA procured manufactured homes are by DOE to develop a proposal for improved currently constructed in accordance with the Housing specifications for FEMA, we sought input from and Urban Development’s manufactured housing various industry partners to discuss different ways to standards (the HUD code). While there are many improve the current FEMA specifications. This examples of high quality and cost effective included manufactured home building personnel, manufactured homes, the FEMA minimum standard material manufacturers, building science researchers homes can consume more energy than their site built and others. FEMA personnel was contacted on comparatives and use materials and mechanical numerous occasions but declined to comment. These systems that can potentially contribute to poor indoor discussions along with several published reports quality and low durability. Two improved formed the basis for the proposed recommendations specifications are presented in this report to enhance in this report. One such published report was a site energy efficiency, sustainability, indoor air quality visit conducted by a member of the Building America and provide back up power, without compensating Industrialized Housing Partnership and others human health, safety or comfort, for high affiliated with manufactured housing industry in performance ruggedized temporary housing. September of 2004. The report discloses possible moisture-related problem areas and made recommendations for manufactured homes built for FEMA and destined for Hurricane Charley victims. The largest problem areas were the vapor barrier placement, duct leakage and oversized hvac systems (Chasar, et. al. 2004). In July of 2000 the first HUD- Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, Orlando, FL, July 24-26, 2006 ESL-HH-06-07-25 Imagine the headlines revised from “The Land of by architects, developers, politicians and 10,770 Empty FEMA Trailers”5 (Figure 11), to manufactured housing executives. We can even look “10,770 Zero Energy Trailers Provide Power for historically at measures taken after the San Francisco Small Community”. If these units had been built earthquake of 1906 left thousands homeless and over with the BASIP specifications, they could generate 5,600 “temporary cottages” were built (see Figure enough power to provide basic power necessities of a 12). small parish. With more and more headlines like “FEMA Homes Stranded in NC”6, “Thousands Still Waiting for FEMA Trailers”7; how does FEMA justify the process for temporary housing? Placing manufactured homes into communities affected by natural disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina has met enormous resistance by neighboring communities, as well as, local officials. “The NIMBY (not in my backyard) effect goes beyond the Big Easy itself: Half of Louisiana's parishes have banned new trailer parks”8. The Punta Gorda FEMA Park (largest-ever trailer park) has received accusations about drug Figure 12. 1906 San Francisco earthquake cottage. dealing, domestic abuse, theft and vandalism. Photo credit: Will Elder, National Park Service Despite those concerns, some believe extraordinary events require extraordinary cooperation. The consensus is that affordable, temporary housing needs to take on a new shape and mission. The U.S Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Department’s annual Solar Decathlon, a competition to design, build, and operate the most attractive and energy- efficient solar-powered home, displays examples every year of self sufficient innovative homes, that have been transported to the Mall in Washington D.C. Regardless, Hurricane Katrina has proved that a new process and strategy is in need, one that is healthy, sustainable, and reusable and before an Figure 11. More than 10,000 trailers were energy crisis hits home again, and one that is energy sitting at the airport in Hope, AR efficient and responsible. (AP Photo by Danny Johnston) REFERENCES The proposed specifications still need further investigation with regards to code exceptions and/or 1. Code of Federal Regulations Housing and Urban exemptions and fire resistance compliance due to Development [HUD], Manufactured Home innovative technologies that have evolved since the Construction and Safety Standards, 24, Part development and implementation of the HUD Code. 3280, US Government Printing Office, 1999. Space planning and overall layout should also be 2. Baechler, M.; Lubliner, M; Gordon, A (2002). examined further. While this report does not explore “Pushing the Envelope: A Case Study of floor plan redesign at this time, it does identify a few Building the First Manufactured Home Using designs that have evolved since Hurricane Katrina Structural Insulated Panels” Proceedings of left so many victims homeless. Hurricane Katrina ACEEE 2002 Summer Study, American Council brought about many design charettes and discussions for an Energy Efficiency Economy, Pacific Grove, CA. 5http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/l 3. Chasar, D., Moyer, N., McIlvaine, J., Beal, D. a-na-trailers10feb10,0,4926000,print.story?coll=la- and Chandra, S., "Energy Star Manufactured news-a_section Homes: The Plant Certification Process," 6http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/411776.ht Proceedings of ACEEE 2004 Summer Study, ml American Council for an Energy Efficient 7http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10399646/from/RL.5 Economy, Washington, DC, August 2004. 8http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/29/earlysh 4. Harrison, J., Tiedeman, T. “Solar Water Heating ow/main1169004.shtml Options in Florida”, Florida Solar Energy Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, Orlando, FL, July 24-26, 2006 ESL-HH-06-07-25 Center, Cocoa, FL, FSEC-EN-9, May 1997 5. McGinley, W. M., “Study of Innovative Manufactured Housing Envelope Materials”, Final Report to the Florida Solar Energy Center, Under the Building America Industrialized Housing Partnership, April 2002. 6. Moyer, N., Beal, D., Chasar, D., McIlvaine, J., Withers, C., and Chandra, S., “Moisture Problems in Manufactured Housing: Probable Causes and Cures,” Proceedings of ASHRAE Conference IAQ2001, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA, August 2001. 7. Parker, D. et al, 1999. "Energy Gauge® USA: A Residential Building Energy Simulation Design Tool", Proceedings of Building Simulation ’99. International Building Performance Simulation Association, Organizing Committee for the 6th International IBPSA Conference, Department of Architecture Texas A&M University, TX. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work is sponsored, in large part, by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program under cooperative agreement number DE-FC26-99GO10478. This support does not constitute an endorsement by DOE of the views expressed in this report. The authors appreciate the encouragement and support from Bert Kessler (Palm Harbor Homes), Bill Wachtler (Structural Insulated Panel Association), Bill Chaleff (Chaleff & Rogers, Architects), Janet McIlvaine (Florida Solar Energy Center), Danny Parker (Florida Solar Energy Center), Eric Martin (Florida Solar Energy Center), Dennis Stroer (Calcs Plus), Michael Lubliner (Washington State University), Michael Baechler (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory), Mike Dalton (Polyfoam), Ron Sparkman (Barvista Homes), John Michael (ATEX Distributing). Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, Orlando, FL, July 24-26, 2006