Core reduction sequences from El-Masloukh, and Acheuleo-Yabrudian site in Lebanon

Abstract

This research investigates the core reduction strategies of terminal Lower Paleolithic hominids at El-Masloukh Cave, Lebanon. Characteristic core reduction strategies (i.e. chaines operatoires) of the Acheuleo-Yabrudian assemblage are identified. Reduction-strategy variability is determined between Layers C and B, Yabrudian, and Layer A, Amudian (blade producing). Cores, unretouched blanks, flake tools, and blades were studied to reveal the processes of core reduction and their end products. This study follows Baumler's (1987) approach of attribute and statistical analysis to investigate core reduction sequences. Topological and metric variables were selected based on each variable's ability to aid in determining the goals of this study. At El-Masloukh the Yabrudian assemblage revealed at least four core reduction sequences including Clactonian A and D, Clactonian B and C, Pebble, and Opposing Platform Pebble and Discoidal. Large, thick, partial cortical and non-cortical blanks were desired for flake tool production with an emphasis on naturally backed pieces. These pieces were produced using any of the four core reduction sequences. Raw material size and shape might have influenced decisions of which reduction technique the knapper would use. Evidence from the study sample suggests that a distinct Amudian blade-making reduction sequence was in place during occupation of Layer A at El-Masloukh. Some aspects of blade production methods, such as platform preparation, are similar to Yabrudian core reduction technology. Yabrudian core reduction sequences appear to have been employed during the occupation of Layer A, but were secondary to blade production. The relationship between Yabrudian core reduction sequences and Amudian core reduction sequences in terms of internal (cultural) and external (environmental) constraints remain ambiguous.